Tsoekere ke e 'ngoe ea lijo tse jeoang haholo lefatšeng, haholo-holo e nkiloeng ho 'moba le li-beet tsa tsoekere. Ho hlahisa tsoekere ea boleng bo holimo ke ts'ebetso e rarahaneng e kenyeletsang mekhahlelo e mengata: ho ntša, ho hlakisa, ho mouoane, ho etsa kristale le ho hloekisa. Mokhahlelong o mong le o mong oa ts'ebetso ea tsoekere, boleng le bohloeki ba lero la tsoekere li hloka ho laoloa ka nepo. Litšila tsa tlhaho, tse kang likaroloana tsa colloidal, liprotheine, mebala le likokoana-hloko, li ka ama ka botebo katleho ea ho hlakisa, ho sefa le ho etsa kristale.
Lik'hemik'hale li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa lits'ebetsong tsa kajeno tsa ho etsa tsoekere. Ntle le taolo e nepahetseng ea lik'hemik'hale, litšila tsena li ka baka ho hola, mathata a 'mala le tahlehelo ea tlhahiso. Lik'hemik'hale tse etsang tsoekere ha li ntlafatse feela bokhoni le tlhahiso, empa li boetse li ntlafatsa boleng ba sehlahisoa, li fokotsa tšebeliso ea matla, 'me li thusa lifeme ho fihlela maemo a tšireletso ea tikoloho. Lik'hemik'hale tsena li ka:
- Ntlafatsa bokgoni ba ho hlakisa le phello ya karohano ya metsi a tiileng.
- Thibela kgolo ya dikokwana-hloko ka hara lero la ditholwana le sirapo.
- Ntlafatsa phello ea ho tlosa 'mala oa tsoekere e tšoeu e putsoa e hloekileng haholo.
- Laola ho thehoa ha foam le sekala ka har'a evaporator le vacuum evaporator.
Sengoloa sena se nka 'moba e le mohlala ho akaretsa ka botlalo ts'ebetso ea ho etsa tsoekere. Se boetse se hlalositse kamoo lik'hemik'hale tse fapaneng - li-flocculant, li-disinfectant, li-defoaming agents le li-defoamer - li sebelisitsoeng mohatong o mong le o mong ho netefatsa ts'ebetso e boreleli le tlhahiso ea tsoekere ea boleng bo holimo.
Mokhoa oa Tlhahiso ea Tsoekere le Tšebeliso ea Lik'hemik'hale
Tokisetso ea Lisebelisoa tse Tala
Tlhahiso ea tsoekere e qala ka ho kotula le ho lokisa thepa e tala. 'Moba o hlatsuoa le ho khaoloa ho tlosa mobu, majoe le makhasi. Mothating ona, haeba lero le ka tloheloa le eme nako e telele, le tla qala ho ikatisa likokoana-hloko. Ho fokotsa moroalo oa likokoana-hloko holim'a thepa e tala, ho thibela tšilafalo ea lero la tsoekere kapa ho senyeha nakong ea ts'ebetso ea ho tlosa likokoana-hloko, ka linako tse ling li sebelisoa holim'a 'moba, metsing a polokelo kapa lisebelisoa tsa ho hloekisa.
| Mofuta oa Sebolaya-mafu | Khothaletso ea ho tsepamisa maikutlo | Mokhoa oa Kopo | Mesebetsi e ka Sehloohong | Mehato ya tlhokomelo | Melemo |
| Hypochlorite ea Sodium (NaClO) | 50–200 ppm e se nang chlorine | Ho fafatsa kapa ho inela bokaholimo ba 'moba metsotso e 5-10 | Ho bolaea likokoana-hloko ka bongata, ho fokotsa mojaro oa likokoana-hloko | Taolo ea mahloriso (ka kakaretso 50–200 ppm e se nang chlorine). Qoba masala a mangata a chlorine ka har'a lero ho thibela mathata a 'mala kapa a kristale. Hlatsoa kapa u tšolle metsi ka mor'a tšebeliso haeba ho hlokahala. | Ho bolaea likokoana-hloko ka bongata; theko e tlase. |
| Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate (SDIC) | 50–150 ppm e se nang chlorine | Ho fafatsa kapa ho inela bokaholimo ba 'moba metsotso e 5-10 | Botsitso bo phahameng, bokgoni bo matla ba ho thibela dikokwana-hloko | Laola chlorine e se nang chlorine ho qoba ho ama ho kristale ha lero le 'mala. | E tsitsitse ho feta sodium hypochlorite; bokgoni bo phahameng; chlorine e setseng e laolwang; e sebediswa haholo dibakeng tsa ho lokisa dijo. |
| Peroxide ea Haedrojene (H₂O₂) | 0.1%–0.5% | E eketsoa ka metsing a hlwekisang kapa ho fafatsa holim'a metsi | Ho bolaea likokoana-hloko, ha ho na masalla, ho sireletsa tikoloho | Taolo ea mahloriso; ka kakaretso 0.1–0.5% bakeng sa kalafo ea bokaholimo. Tšoara ka hloko nakong ea ts'ebetso. | E bola ntle le masalla; e bolokehile ebile e sireletsa tikoloho. |
| Metsi a Chesang / Mouoane | Metsi a chesang ho 80–90°C kapa mouoane ho 100°C | Ho hlatsoa ka metsi a chesang kapa kalafo ea mouoane metsotso e 2-5 | Ho bolaea likokoana-hloko ntle le ho eketsa lik'hemik'hale | Tšebeliso e phahameng ea matla; e hloka lisebelisoa tse loketseng; ela hloko mehato ea ts'ireletso. | Ha ho di-additives tsa dikhemikhale; e fokotsa masalla a dikhemikhale. |
| Ho Hloekisa Metsi ka Limela/Mehaho | SDIC, 50–100 ppm | Ho hlwekisa disebediswa, dikoloi tsa dipalangwang | E thibela tšilafalo ea bobeli | Nkela sebaka le ho beha leihlo bongata ba chlorine e se nang chlorine nako le nako. | — |
Mokhoa o Khothaletsoang
Ha 'moba o kena fekthering, o hlatsuoa ka metsi a hloekileng pele ho tlosa mobu le litšila.
Ebe, ho bolaea likokoana-hloko holim'a metsi ho etsoa ka ho fafatsa SDIC kapa sodium hypochlorite e nang le mahloriso a tlase ho latela maemo.
Mehloli ea metsi le lisebelisoa tsa ho hloekisa fektheri ea tsoekere le tsona li lokela ho hloekisoa khafetsa ho netefatsa tikoloho eohle ea bohloeki.
Ho Ntša lero la lero
Kamora mohato oa pele oa ho hloekisa le ho bolaea likokoana-hloko. Mohato o latelang ke ho ntša lero la 'moba. Hangata lero le ntšoa ka mechine e hatellang kapa e hasanyang. Mohato ona o kenyelletsa ho roba sebopeho se thata sa 'moba le ho ntša lero ho sona.
Maemong a mangata, sesebelisoa sa ho etsa lero la 'moba se na le li-roller mill tse tharo tse kopantsoeng le sesebelisoa sa ho chopper kapa makhapetla a potolohang. Kamora hore 'moba o sebetsoe lebanta le le leng la ho tsamaisa, o tla fetisetsoa lebanta le leng la ho tsamaisa ho ntša lero le eketsehileng. Leha ho le joalo, pele ho lipalangoang, metsi a tla fafatsoa pele ho ntša lero le eketsehileng. Masalla a setseng ka mor'a ho etsa lero a bitsoa bagasse.
Lero le na le litšila tse qhibilihang le tse leketlileng, ho kenyeletsoa likhoele tsa limela, liprotheine esita le likaroloana tsa mobu tse hlatsoitsoeng ka botlalo. Litšila tsena li lokela ho phekoloa ho ntlafatsa katleho ea ho hlakisa le ho etsa kristale ka mor'a moo.
Tlhaloso ea Lero la Tsoekere
Ho hlakisa lero ke mohato oa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa mohatong oa pele oa ts'ebetso ea ho etsa tsoekere. Sepheo ke ho tlosa litšila (tse kang mobu, protheine, colloid, organic acid, jj.) ho tsoa lero la 'moba le ho ntlafatsa bohloeki ba lona. Ka kakaretso, Ts'ebetso ea Kalaka e amoheloa, e kopantsoe le mokhoa oa ho phaphamala ha phosphorus kapa mokhoa oa carbonation.
Tšebeliso ea lik'hemik'hale
Kalaka (CaO)/lebese la kalaka (Ca(OH)2): E felisa lintho tse nang le asiti 'me e thibela litšila.
Khabone e daekosedi (CO2)2) (e sebediswang mokgweng wa carbonation): E arabela le kalaka ho etsa calcium carbonate precipitate, e monyang ditshila.
Thuso ea Flocculant/coagulant: E thusa lintho tse tiileng tse emisitsoeng ho lula kapele.
E sebelisoang hangata: Polyaluminium chloride (PAC), polyacrylamide (PAM), jj.
Sebabole (SO2) kapa sodium sulfite: E bapala karolo ho soeufatseng, ho ntsha mmala le ho sterilization ha phosphorus e ntse e phaphamala.
Ho sefa le ho futhumatsa
Kamora ho hlakisa, lero le hloka ho sefshoa ho tlosa mashala. Ho futhumatsa lero pele le fetoha mouoane ho bohlokoa, kaha ho thusa ho fokotsa ho teteana ha lero le ho thibela kholo ea likokoana-hloko.
Mouoane le ho Tsepamisa Maikutlo
Lero la ditholwana ebe le kenngwa ka hara sirapo ho sebediswa mouoane o nang le ditlamorao tse ngata, e leng se fokotsang mongobo ho tloha ho hoo e ka bang 85% ho isa ho 30-40%. Mouoane wa vacuum o thusa ho boloka boleng ba tsoekere, empa hape o hlahisa diphephetso tse ding tsa tshebetso:
- Liprotheine tse qhibilihisitsoeng le li-surfactant li baka ho thehoa ha foam.
- Ho bokellana ha sekala holim'a bokaholimo ba evaporator.
Ditshebediso tsa Dikhemikhale:
Li-defoamer tse thehiloeng ho silicone bakeng sa ho thibela foam mochesong o phahameng. Li-defoamer tse thehiloeng ho polyether le mafura a joala li loketse litsamaiso tsa lero la litholoana tse nang le foam e mahareng.
Lithibela-mafu/Li-Dispersant tsa Scale: Thibela ho thehoa ha calcium carbonate kapa sulfate scale ka har'a evaporator.
Tšusumetso: Taolo e sebetsang hantle ea foam le thibelo ea sekala li netefatsa mouoane o boreleli, katleho e phahameng ea phetisetso ea mocheso, le nako e fokolang ea ho se sebetse.
Ho etsa kristale
Ts'ebetso ea ho etsa kristale tlhahisong ea tsoekere (eo hangata e bitsoang ho belisa indastering) ke mohato oa bohlokoa oa ho fetola sirapo ea tsoekere e kopaneng hore e be likristale tse tiileng tsa sucrose. Sirapo e kopaneng e phehiloe ka ketleleng ea vacuum ho qala ho etsa kristale ea tsoekere. Ho etsa kristale ka nepo hoa hlokahala bakeng sa tlhahiso ea tsoekere, boholo ba kristale le 'mala. Ena ke ts'ebetso e rarahaneng ea fisik'hemik'hale e etselitsoeng ho laola boholo le ho tšoana ha likristale tsa sucrose tse potlakileng.
Hangata ho sebelisoa li-defoam tse thibelang ho bola ha letlalo ts'ebetsong ena. Li-defoam tse thibelang ho bola ha letlalo li laola ho hlaha ha foam nakong ea ho belisa, li thibela ho tlala ha sirapo.
Ho kristaleha ho tsitsitseng ho eketsa chai ea tsoekere le ho fokotsa tahlehelo nakong ea ho centrifugation.
Ho Centrifugation le Karohano
Kamora ho thehwa ha kristale, dikristale di arolwa ho molasses ka ho sebedisa centrifuge ebe di omiswa ka diphaephe tse chesang. Molasses e ka sebetswa hape bakeng sa tlhahiso ya ethanol, dijo tsa diphoofolo, kapa tshebediso e meng.
Ho tlosa 'mala le ho Hloekisa
Ho tlosa mmala le ho hlwekisa ke mohato wa ho qetela tshebetsong ya ho etsa tsoekere, e sebediswang haholo-holo tlhahisong ya tsoekere e hlwekileng haholo, e tshweu e hlwekileng (jwalo ka tsoekere e granulated kapa tsoekere ya lefika). Mohato ona o hloka tshebediso ya dikhemikhale tse ngata le di-adsorbent.
Lik'hemik'hale tse sebelisoang hangata li kenyelletsa:
Khabone e sebetsang (phofo kapa di-granule): E monya di-polyphenol, caramel, le di-pigment tse ding.
Ho tlosa 'mala oa li-resin/li-ion exchange resins: Tlosa metsoako e mebala ea ionic le e seng ea ionic.
Peroxide ea haedrojene (H₂O₂): E oxidiza mebala e setseng, e etsa hore 'mala oa sirapo o be bobebe haholoanyane.
Lisebelisoa tsa ho tlosa 'mala: Netefatsa boleng bo tlase ba ICUMSA le boleng bo holimo ba pono.
Se boletsoeng ka holimo se hlalosa lits'ebetso tsa mantlha le ts'ebeliso ea lik'hemik'hale indastering ea tsoekere.
Lik'hemik'hale tse Amanang le Pontšo:
Metsi a litšila a tsoang indastering ea tsoekere a phekoloa joang?
Lifeme tsa tsoekere li hlahisa metsi a litšila nakong ea ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso ea tsoekere. Metsi ana a litšila a rarahane ka boleng 'me a na le tšilafalo e phahameng, a hlokang phekolo ea metsi e hlophisitsoeng pele a ntšoa.
Metsi a litšila a hlaha haholo-holo ka lebaka la ho hlatsoa thepa e tala, ho hloekisa lisebelisoa, metsi a litšila a ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso ea tsoekere, metsi a pholileng/condensate, le ho phatloha ha boiler. Metsi ana a litšila a khetholloa ka COD le BOD e phahameng haholo (ka lebaka la litaba tsa tsoekere), litaba tse phahameng tsa lintho tse tiileng tse emisitsoeng, ho bola ho matla ha 'mele,' me ka linako tse ling a na le oli le silt. Ka hona, motsoako oa lits'ebetso—phekolo ea pele + ho hoama le ho sekama + phekolo ea baeloji + phekolo e tsoetseng pele—hangata e sebelisoa ho phekola metsi ana a litšila. Mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea kalafo e kenyelletsa phekolo ea 'mele (joalo ka ho sekama le ho sefa), phekolo ea lik'hemik'hale (joalo ka ho hoama le ho se nke lehlakore), le phekolo ea baeloji (joalo ka lits'ebetso tsa seretse se kentsoeng le libaka tse mongobo tse hahiloeng).
Ke lik'hemik'hale life tse hlokahalang ho phekola metsi a litšila a tsoang indastering ea tsoekere?
Mehato e tobileng le ts'ebeliso ea lik'hemik'hale ke tse latelang:
| Mokhahlelo oa Kalafo | Morero | Lik'hemik'hale tse Khothaletsoang | Mesebetsi e ka Sehloohong |
| 1. Ho Hlatsoa ka Lintho tse Tala le Phekolo ea Pele ho Nako ea Pele | Tlosa lehlabathe, seretse, likhoele, lintho tse tiileng tse leketlileng | PAC (Polyaluminum Chloride) | Ho hoama ka potlako, ho tlosoa ha SS le ho fifala ha letlalo |
| PAM (Polyacrylamide) – Anionic/Nonionic | Ho thehoa ha Floc, ho ntlafatsa ho lula ha eona | ||
| Sefoamer | E laola foam e hlahisoang nakong ea ho hlatsoa 'moba le ho ntša lero | ||
| 2. Tekanyo le Phetoho ea pH | Tsitsisa boleng bo susumetsang, lokisa pH bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse theohelang tlase | Kalaka (CaO / Ca(OH)₂) | E phahamisa pH, ho tlosa bothata bo itseng |
| Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) | Phetoho e nepahetseng ea pH | ||
| Asiti ea Sulfuriki / Asiti ea Hydrochloric | E fokotsa pH | ||
| Sefoamer | E fokotsa foam ka har'a besene ea ho lekanya | ||
| 3. Ho Kopana le ho Tsamaisana ha Maro (Sedimentation ea Motheo) | Tlosa lintho tse tiileng tse emisitsoeng, li-colloid, 'mala; fokotsa COD | PAC / PolyDADMAC / Polyamine | Li-coagulant tsa mantlha bakeng sa ho fifala le ho tlosoa ha 'mala |
| PAM (Anionic) | E ntlafatsa matla a floc le lebelo la ho lula | ||
| Lithuso tsa Coagulant (mohlala, Magnesium Silicate) | E ntlafatsa ho hlaka le ts'ebetso ea ho rarolla mathata | ||
| 4. Kalafo ea Baeloji ea Anaerobic (UASB, EGSB) | Fokotsa mojaro o phahameng oa lintho tse phelang (COD, BOD) | Litlatsetso tsa Phepo (Mehloli ea N & P) | Boloka tšebetso ea likokoana-hloko le biomass e phetseng hantle |
| Litokiso tsa pH | Boloka pH e ntle ka ho fetisisa (6.8–7.2) bakeng sa libaktheria tse sa aerobic | ||
| Sefoamer | E thibela foam e amanang le biogas | ||
| 5. Kalafo ea Aerobic (Seretse se Butsoeng, SBR) | Ho fokotsa COD, BOD, ammonia | Litlatsetso tsa Phepo (N & P) | Fana ka limatlafatsi tse leka-lekaneng ho likokoana-hloko |
| Sefoamer | E laola foam nakong ea ho kenya moea | ||
| Li-enzyme tsa Bio / Likokoana-hloko | E ntlafatsa katleho ea ho senyeha ha lintho tsa tlhaho | ||
| 6. Kalafo e Tsoetseng Pele (Haeba maemo a thata a ho ntsha lesea a sebetsa) | Ntlafatsa ho hlaka, tlosa COD e setseng, SS, 'mala | Polyamine / PolyDADMAC | Ho tlosa mmala o matla le ho tlosa mafome |
| PAC | Ho tlosoa ha SS le colloid ho eketsehileng | ||
| PAM (Boima bo Phahameng ba Limolek'hule) | Ho hlohlora le ho benya ha ho qetela | ||
| Khabone e Butsoeng | E tlosa 'mala, monko le masalla a lintho tse phelang | ||
| 7. Ho bolaea likokoana-hloko le ho sebelisa metsi hape | Netefatsa polokeho ea likokoana-hloko bakeng sa ho ntša kapa ho sebelisa hape | K'halsiamo Hypochlorite | Ho bolaea likokoana-hloko ka matla |
| Hypochlorite ea sodium | Sebolaya-mafu se tloaelehileng sa ho lekanya tekanyo inthaneteng | ||
| SDIC (Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate) | Ho lokolloa ha chlorine e tsitsitseng, e nkang nako e telele | ||
| Asiti ea Trichloroisocyanuric (TCCA) | Klorini e ngata, chlorination e lokollang butle |
Tlhahiso ea tsoekere ke ts'ebetso e rarahaneng ea indasteri e hlokang taolo e nepahetseng mohatong o mong le o mong—ho tloha ho lokisoeng ha thepa e tala le ho e nosetsa ho isa ho hlakisoeng, ho fetoha mouoane, ho kristaletsoa, ho hloekisoa le kalafo ea metsi a litšila. Mohato ka mong o hlahisa liphephetso tsa oona, ho kenyeletsoa lintho tse tiileng tse emisitsoeng, 'mala, ts'ebetso ea likokoana-hloko, ho thehoa ha foam le ho bokellana ha sekala. Ka ho kenyelletsa lik'hemik'hale tse loketseng mohatong o mong le o mong oa ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso ea tsoekere, li-mill tsa tsoekere li ka eketsa tlhahiso, tsa ntlafatsa boleng ba kristale, tsa ntlafatsa 'mala, tsa fokotsa tahlehelo le ho fokotsa nako ea ho sebetsa. Ka nako e ts'oanang, litharollo tse ntlafalitsoeng tsa lik'hemik'hale li kenya letsoho tšireletsong ea tikoloho ka kalafo e sebetsang hantle ea metsi a litšila le ho fokotsa litšila tsa lik'hemik'hale.
Ho khetha molekane ea nepahetseng oa lik'hemik'hale ho lumella lifeme tsa tsoekere ho ntlafatsa katleho ea tlhahiso, ho netefatsa boleng bo tsitsitseng ba sehlahisoa, ho eketsa nako ea bophelo ba lisebelisoa, le ho fihlela bokhabane ba ts'ebetso ea nako e telele.