Mekhoa ea Phekolo ea Metsi ea Liindasteri le Litšebeliso tsa Lik'hemik'hale
Semelo
Ka ntshetsopele e potlakileng ya indasteri, bohlokwa ba kalafo ya metsi tlhahisong e fapaneng ya diindasteri bo ntse bo totobala haholo. Phekolo ya metsi ya diindasteri ha se feela kgokelo ya bohlokwa ya ho netefatsa kgatelopele e boreleli ya tshebetso, empa hape ke mohato wa bohlokwa wa ho fihlela melao ya tikoloho le ditlhoko tsa ntshetsopele e tswelang pele.
Mofuta oa Phekolo ea Metsi
| Mofuta oa kalafo ea metsi | Morero o ka sehloohong | Lintho tsa mantlha tsa kalafo | Mekhoa e meholo. |
| Phekolo ea pele ea metsi a tala | Finyella litlhoko tsa metsi a lapeng kapa a indasteri | Metsi a mohloli oa metsi a tlhaho | Ho sefa, ho senyeha ha metsi, ho kopana ha metsi. |
| Phekolo ea metsi ka mokhoa oa ts'ebetso | Finyella litlhoko tse itseng tsa ts'ebetso | Metsi a ts'ebetso ea indasteri | Ho nolofatsa, ho tlosa letsoai le letsoai metsing, ho tlosa oksijene 'meleng. |
| Phekolo ea metsi a pholileng a potolohang | Netefatsa ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea lisebelisoa | Metsi a pholileng a potolohang | Kalafo ea tekanyo. |
| Kalafo ea metsi a litšila | Sireletsa tikoloho | Metsi a litšila a indasteri | Kalafo ea 'mele, ea lik'hemik'hale, ea baeloji. |
| Kalafo ea metsi e sebelisitsoeng hape | Fokotsa tšebeliso ea metsi a hloekileng | Metsi a sebelisitsoeng | Ho tšoana le kalafo ea metsi a litšila. |
Lik'hemik'hale tsa Phekolo ea Metsi tse Sebelisoang Hangata
| Sehlopha | Lik'hemik'hale tse sebelisoang hangata | Mosebetsi |
| Moemeli oa ho phaphamala | PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminium sulfate, jj. | Tlosa lintho tse tiileng tse emisitsoeng le lintho tse phelang |
| Libolaya-mafu | tse kang TCCA, SDIC, ozone, chlorine dioxide, Calcium Hypochlorite, jj. | E bolaea likokoana-hloko tse ka metsing (tse kang libaktheria, livaerase, li-fungus le li-protozoa) |
| sesebelisoa sa ho fetola pH | Asiti ea Aminosulfonic, NaOH, lime, asiti ea sulfuric, jj. | Laola pH ea metsi |
| Li-ion tse tlosang tšepe | EDTA, resin ea phapanyetsano ea Ion | Tlosa li-ion tse boima tsa tšepe (tse kang tšepe, koporo, loto, cadmium, mercury, nickel, jj.) le li-ion tse ling tse kotsi tsa tšepe ka metsing. |
| Sethibela-maemo | Li-Organophosphate, li-acid tsa organophosphorus carboxylic | Thibela ho thehoa ha sekala ka li-ion tsa calcium le magnesium. Hape e na le phello e itseng ea ho tlosa li-ion tsa tšepe |
| Sebolaya-mafu | Sodium sulfite, hydrazine, jj. | Tlosa oksijene e qhibilihileng ho thibela ho bola ha oksijene |
| Moemeli oa ho hloekisa | Asiti ea citric, asiti ea sulfuric, asiti ea aminosulfonic | Tlosa sekala le litšila |
| Li-oxidants | ozone, persulfate, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen peroxide, jj. | Ho bolaea likokoana-hloko, ho tlosa litšila le ho ntlafatsa boleng ba metsi, jj. |
| Li-softeners | joalo ka lime le sodium carbonate. | E tlosa li-ion tsa ho thatafala (calcium, magnesium ions) 'me e fokotsa kotsi ea ho thehoa ha sekala. |
| Li-defoamer/Antifoam | Thibela kapa u tlose foam | |
| Ho tlosoa | K'halsiamo Hypochlorite | tlosa NH₃-N metsing a litšila ho etsa hore e fihlelle maemo a ho ntša metsi |
Lik'hemik'hale tsa Phekolo ea Metsi tseo re ka li Fanang ka:
Kalafo ea metsi a indasteri e bolela mokhoa oa ho phekola metsi a indasteri le metsi a a ntšang ka mekhoa ea 'mele, ea lik'hemik'hale, ea baeloji le e meng. Kalafo ea metsi a indasteri ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea tlhahiso ea indasteri, 'me bohlokoa ba eona bo bonahala likarolong tse latelang:
1.1 Netefatsa boleng ba sehlahisoa
Tlosa litšila tse ka metsing tse kang li-ion tsa tšepe, lintho tse tiileng tse emisitsoeng, jj. ho fihlela litlhoko tsa tlhahiso le ho netefatsa boleng ba sehlahisoa.
Thibela ho bola: Oksijene e qhibilihileng, carbon dioxide, jj. ka metsing e ka baka ho bola ha disebediswa tsa tshepe mme ya kgutsufatsa bophelo ba disebediswa.
Laola likokoana-hloko: Libaktheria, bolele le likokoana-hloko tse ling tse ka metsing li ka baka tšilafalo ea sehlahisoa, e leng se amang boleng ba sehlahisoa le polokeho ea bophelo bo botle.
1.2 Ntlafatsa bokgoni ba tlhahiso
Fokotsa nako ea ho se sebetse: Ho hloekisa metsi khafetsa ho ka thibela ho hola le ho bola ha lisebelisoa ka katleho, ha fokotsa makhetlo a tlhokomelo le ho nkeloa sebaka ha lisebelisoa, 'me ka hona ha ntlafatsa katleho ea tlhahiso.
Ntlafatsa maemo a tshebetso: Ka kalafo ya metsi, boleng ba metsi bo fihlelang ditlhoko tsa tshebetso bo ka fumanwa ho netefatsa botsitso ba tshebetso ya tlhahiso.
1.3 Fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa tlhahiso
Boloka eneji: Ka ho phekola metsi, tshebediso ya eneji ya disebediswa e ka fokotswa mme ditjeo tsa tlhahiso di ka bolokwa.
Thibela ho hola: Li-ion tsa ho thatafala tse kang li-ion tsa calcium le magnesium metsing li tla theha sekala, li khomarele holim'a lisebelisoa, li fokotse katleho ea ho tsamaisa mocheso.
Nako e telele ea nako ea lisebelisoa: Fokotsa ho bola le ho hola ha lisebelisoa, eketsa nako ea tšebeletso ea lisebelisoa, le ho fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa ho theoha ha boleng ba lisebelisoa.
Fokotsa tšebeliso ea thepa: Ka ho phekola metsi, tšenyo ea likokoana-hloko e ka fokotsoa 'me litšenyehelo tsa tlhahiso li ka fokotsoa.
Fokotsa tšebeliso ea thepa e tala: Ka ho phekola metsi, thepa e tala e setseng ka har'a mokelikeli o litšila e ka fumanoa hape 'me ea khutlisetsoa tlhahisong, ka hona ho fokotsa tšenyo ea thepa e tala le ho fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa tlhahiso.
1.4 Sireletsa tikoloho
Fokotsa mesi e silafatsang: Ka mora hore metsi a ditshila a diindasteri a hlwekiswe, bongata ba mesi e silafatsang bo ka fokotseha mme tikoloho ya metsi e ka sireletswa.
Hlokomela ho sebelisoa hape ha mehloli ea metsi: Ka ho phekola metsi, metsi a indasteri a ka sebelisoa hape 'me ho itšetleha ka mehloli ea metsi a hloekileng ho ka fokotseha.
1.5 Latela melao ea tikoloho
Finyella maemo a mosi o tswang diindastering: Metsi a ditshila a diindasteri a tlameha ho fihlella maemo a naha le a lehae a mosi o tswang diindastering, mme kalafo ya metsi ke tsela ya bohlokwa ya ho fihlella sepheo sena.
Ka bokhutšoanyane, kalafo ea metsi ea indasteri ha e amane feela le boleng ba sehlahisoa le katleho ea tlhahiso, empa hape le melemo ea moruo le tšireletso ea tikoloho ea likhoebo. Ka kalafo ea metsi ea saense le e utloahalang, tšebeliso e ntle ea mehloli ea metsi e ka finyelloa 'me nts'etsopele e tsitsitseng ea indasteri e ka khothaletsoa.
Phekolo ea metsi ea indasteri e akaretsa masimo a mangata, ho kenyeletsoa motlakase, lik'hemik'hale, meriana, tšepe, liindasteri tsa lijo le lino, jj. Ts'ebetso ea eona ea phekolo hangata e etsoa hore e lumellane le litlhoko tsa boleng ba metsi le maemo a ho ntša metsi.
2.1 Lik'hemik'hale le Melao-motheo ea Kalafo e nang le Tšusumetso (Phekolo ea Pele ho Metsi a Tala)
Phekolo ea metsi a tala pele ho phekolo ea metsi a indasteri e kenyelletsa haholo-holo ho sefa ha mantlha, ho hoama, ho flocculation, ho seda, ho flotation, ho bolaea likokoana-hloko, ho lokisa pH, ho tlosa li-ion tsa tšepe le ho sefa ha ho qetela. Lik'hemik'hale tse sebelisoang hangata li kenyelletsa:
Li-coagulant le li-flocculant: tse kang PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminium sulfate, jj.
Linolofatsa: tse kang lime le sodium carbonate.
Libolaya-mafu: tse kang TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, jj.
Li-adjuster tsa pH: tse kang aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, lime, sulfuric acid, jj.
Li-ion tsa tšepeEDTA, resin ea phapanyetsano ea Ion jj.,
sethibela-maemo: organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acids, jj.
Li-adsorbents: tse kang khabone e sebetsang, alumina e sebetsang, jj.
Motsoako le tšebeliso ea lik'hemik'hale tsena li ka thusa ho phekola metsi a indasteri ka katleho ho tlosa lintho tse emisitsoeng, litšila tse silafatsang tsa tlhaho, li-ion tsa tšepe le likokoana-hloko tse ka metsing, ho netefatsa hore boleng ba metsi bo fihlela litlhoko tsa tlhahiso, le ho fokotsa moroalo oa kalafo e latelang.
2.2 Lik'hemik'hale le Melao-motheo ea Phekolo ea Metsi ea Ts'ebetso
Phekolo ea metsi ea ts'ebetso kalafong ea metsi a indasteri e kenyelletsa haholo-holo kalafo ea pele ho nako, ho nolofatsa, ho tlosa oxidation, ho tlosa tšepe le manganese, ho tlosa letsoai le letsoai, ho bolaea likokoana-hloko le ho bolaea likokoana-hloko. Mohato o mong le o mong o hloka lik'hemik'hale tse fapaneng ho ntlafatsa boleng ba metsi le ho netefatsa ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea lisebelisoa tse fapaneng tsa indasteri. Lik'hemik'hale tse tloaelehileng li kenyelletsa:
| Li-coagulant le li-flocculant: | tse kang PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminium sulfate, jj. |
| Linolofatsa: | joalo ka lime le sodium carbonate. |
| Libolaya-mafu: | tse kang TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, jj. |
| Lisebelisoa tsa ho fetola pH: | tse kang aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, lime, sulfuric acid, jj. |
| Li-ion tse tlosang tšepe: | EDTA, resin ea phapanyetsano ea Ion |
| Sethibela-maemo: | li-organophosphate, li-acid tsa organophosphorus carboxylic, jj. |
| Li-adsorbent: | tse kang khabone e sebetsang, alumina e sebetsang, jj. |
Lik'hemik'hale tsena li ka fihlela litlhoko tse fapaneng tsa metsi a ts'ebetso ka ho kopanya mekhoa e fapaneng ea kalafo ea metsi, ho netefatsa hore boleng ba metsi bo fihlela maemo a tlhahiso, ho fokotsa kotsi ea tšenyo ea lisebelisoa, le ho ntlafatsa katleho ea tlhahiso.
2.3 Lik'hemik'hale le Melao-motheo ea Phekolo ea Metsi a Pholileng a Potolohang
Phekolo ea metsi a pholileng a potolohang ke karolo ea bohlokoa haholo ea phekolo ea metsi a indasteri, haholo-holo libakeng tse ngata tsa indasteri (joalo ka lifeme tsa lik'hemik'hale, lifeme tsa motlakase, lifeme tsa tšepe, jj.), moo litsamaiso tsa metsi a pholileng li sebelisoang haholo bakeng sa lisebelisoa le lits'ebetso tsa ho pholisa. Litsamaiso tsa metsi a pholileng a potolohang li kotsing ea ho hola, ho bola, kholo ea likokoana-hloko le mathata a mang ka lebaka la bongata ba tsona ba metsi le phallo e ngata ea metsi. Ka hona, mekhoa e sebetsang ea phekolo ea metsi e tlameha ho sebelisoa ho laola mathata ana le ho netefatsa ts'ebetso e tsitsitseng ea sistimi.
Kalafo ea metsi a pholileng a potolohang e ikemiselitse ho thibela ho hola, ho bola le tšilafalo ea baeloji tsamaisong le ho netefatsa katleho ea ho pholisa. Lekola liparamente tse ka sehloohong metsing a pholileng (joalo ka pH, ho thatafala, ho fifala ha moea, oksijene e qhibilihileng, likokoana-hloko, jj.) 'me u hlahlobe mathata a boleng ba metsi bakeng sa kalafo e reriloeng.
| Li-coagulant le li-flocculant: | tse kang PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminium sulfate, jj. |
| Linolofatsa: | joalo ka lime le sodium carbonate. |
| Libolaya-mafu: | tse kang TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, jj. |
| Lisebelisoa tsa ho fetola pH: | tse kang aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, lime, sulfuric acid, jj. |
| Li-ion tse tlosang tšepe: | EDTA, resin ea phapanyetsano ea Ion |
| Sethibela-maemo: | li-organophosphate, li-acid tsa organophosphorus carboxylic, jj. |
| Li-adsorbent: | tse kang khabone e sebetsang, alumina e sebetsang, jj. |
Lik'hemik'hale tsena le mekhoa ea kalafo li thusa ho thibela ho hola, ho bola le tšilafalo ea likokoana-hloko, ho netefatsa ts'ebetso e tsitsitseng ea nako e telele ea sistimi ea metsi a pholileng, ho fokotsa tšenyo ea lisebelisoa le tšebeliso ea matla, le ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea sistimi.
2.4 Lik'hemik'hale le Melao-motheo ea Phekolo ea Metsi a Litšila
Ts'ebetso ea kalafo ea metsi a litšila ea indasteri e ka aroloa ka mekhahlelo e mengata ho latela litšobotsi tsa metsi a litšila le sepheo sa kalafo, haholo-holo ho kenyeletsoa kalafo ea pele ho nako, ho se sebetse hantle ha asiti, ho tlosoa ha lintho tse phelang le lintho tse tiileng tse emisitsoeng, kalafo e mahareng le e tsoetseng pele, ho bolaea likokoana-hloko le ho bolaea likokoana-hloko, kalafo ea seretse le kalafo ea metsi a sebelisitsoeng hape. Khokahano ka 'ngoe e hloka lik'hemik'hale tse fapaneng ho sebetsa 'moho ho netefatsa katleho le botlalo ba ts'ebetso ea kalafo ea metsi a litšila.
Kalafo ea metsi a litšila a indasteri e arotsoe ka mekhoa e meraro e meholo: ea 'mele, ea lik'hemik'hale le ea baeloji, e le ho fihlela maemo a ho ntša mosi le ho fokotsa tšilafalo ea tikoloho.
Mokhoa oa 'mele:ho senngoa ha mobu, ho sefa, ho phaphamala, jj.
Mokhoa oa lik'hemik'hale:ho se nke lehlakore, redox, pula ea lik'hemik'hale.
Mokhoa oa baeloji:mokhoa oa seretse se sebetsang, membrane bioreactor (MBR), jj.
Lik'hemik'hale tse tloaelehileng li kenyelletsa:
| Li-coagulant le li-flocculant: | tse kang PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminium sulfate, jj. |
| Linolofatsa: | joalo ka lime le sodium carbonate. |
| Libolaya-mafu: | tse kang TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, jj. |
| Lisebelisoa tsa ho fetola pH: | tse kang aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, lime, sulfuric acid, jj. |
| Li-ion tse tlosang tšepe: | EDTA, resin ea phapanyetsano ea Ion |
| Sethibela-maemo: | li-organophosphate, li-acid tsa organophosphorus carboxylic, jj. |
| Li-adsorbent: | tse kang khabone e sebetsang, alumina e sebetsang, jj. |
Ka ho sebelisa lik'hemik'hale tsena ka katleho, metsi a litšila a indasteri a ka phekoloa le ho ntšoa ho latela maemo, esita le ho sebelisoa hape, ho thusa ho fokotsa tšilafalo ea tikoloho le tšebeliso ea mehloli ea metsi.
2.5 Lik'hemik'hale le Melao-motheo ea Phekolo ea Metsi a Sebelisitsoeng Hape
Kalafo ea metsi e sebelisitsoeng hape e bolela mokhoa oa tsamaiso ea mehloli ea metsi o sebelisang metsi a litšila a indasteri hape ka mor'a ho hloekisoa. Ka lebaka la khaello e ntseng e eketseha ea mehloli ea metsi, masimo a mangata a indasteri a nkile mehato ea kalafo ea metsi a sebelisitsoeng hape, e seng feela e bolokang mehloli ea metsi, empa hape e fokotsang litšenyehelo tsa kalafo le ho ntša metsi. Senotlolo sa kalafo ea metsi a sebelisitsoeng hape ke ho tlosa litšila metsing a litšila e le hore boleng ba metsi bo fihlelle litlhoko tsa ho sebelisoa hape, e leng se hlokang ho nepahala ho phahameng ha ts'ebetso le theknoloji.
Ts'ebetso ea kalafo ea metsi a sebelisitsoeng hape e kenyelletsa mehato ea bohlokoa e latelang:
Kalafo pele ho nako:tlosa dikarolwana tse kgolo tsa ditshila le mafura, o sebedisa PAC, PAM, jj.
phetoho ea pH:fetola pH, lik'hemik'hale tse sebelisoang hangata li kenyelletsa sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, calcium hydroxide, jj.
Kalafo ea baeloji:tlosa lintho tse phelang, tšehetsa ho senyeha ha likokoana-hloko, sebelisa ammonium chloride, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, jj.
Kalafo ea lik'hemik'hale:ho tlosoa ha lintho tse phelang le litšepe tse boima ka oxidative, ozone e sebelisoang haholo, persulfate, sodium sulfide, jj.
Karohano ea lera:sebelisa theknoloji ea reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, le ultrafiltration ho tlosa lintho tse qhibilihisitsoeng le ho netefatsa boleng ba metsi.
Ho bolaea likokoana-hloko:tlosa likokoana-hloko, sebelisa chlorine, ozone, calcium hypochlorite, jj.
Tlhokomelo le tokiso:Netefatsa hore metsi a sebelisitsoeng hape a fihlela maemo 'me u sebelise balaoli le lisebelisoa tsa ho beha leihlo bakeng sa liphetoho.
Li-defoamer:Li hatella kapa li felisa foam ka ho fokotsa tsitsipano ea metsi le ho senya botsitso ba foam. (Mekhoa ea ts'ebeliso ea li-defoamer: litsamaiso tsa kalafo ea baeloji, kalafo ea metsi a litšila a lik'hemik'hale, kalafo ea metsi a litšila a meriana, kalafo ea metsi a litšila a lijo, kalafo ea metsi a litšila a ho etsa pampiri, jj.)
Hypochlorite ea calcium:Li tlosa lintho tse silafatsang tse kang ammonia nitrogen
Tšebeliso ea lits'ebetso tsena le lik'hemik'hale e netefatsa hore boleng ba metsi a litšila a hloekisitsoeng bo fihlela litekanyetso tsa tšebeliso hape, e leng se lumellang hore a sebelisoe ka katleho tlhahisong ea indasteri.
Phekolo ea metsi ea indasteri ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea tlhahiso ea indasteri ea sejoale-joale. Ts'ebetso ea eona le khetho ea lik'hemik'hale li hloka ho ntlafatsoa ho latela litlhoko tse itseng tsa ts'ebetso. Tšebeliso e utloahalang ea lik'hemik'hale e ke ke ea ntlafatsa phello ea kalafo feela, empa hape e ka fokotsa litšenyehelo le ho fokotsa tšusumetso tikolohong. Nakong e tlang, ka tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji le ntlafatso ea litlhoko tsa ts'ireletso ea tikoloho, phekolo ea metsi ea indasteri e tla ntlafala ka tsela e bohlale le e tala haholoanyane.