Kalafo ea metsi a litšila a merafong ke e 'ngoe ea likarolo tse thata ka ho fetisisa tsa tsamaiso ea metsi a indasteri.Polyacrylamide(PAM), e le sesebelisoa sa ho tjhesa metsi se sebetsang hantle haholo, se bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho tjhekeng kalafo ea metsi a litšila. Leha ho le joalo, ha se lihlahisoa tsohle tsa PAM tse loketseng ho tjhekeng kalafo ea metsi a litšila. Ho khetha mofuta o nepahetseng, boima ba limolek'hule, bongata ba litefiso, le mokhoa oa ts'ebeliso li ama ka kotloloho katleho ea kalafo, katleho ea litšenyehelo, le ho latela litekanyetso tsa ho ntša metsi a litšila.
Sengoloa sena se tla hlalosa ka botlalo mokhoa oa ho khetha sehlahisoa se nepahetseng sa PAM bakeng sa litlhoko tsa kalafo ea metsi a litšila tsa merafo, se reretsoe ho thusa baenjiniere, lihlopha tsa bareki le basebetsi ba lifeme ho etsa liqeto tse nang le tsebo.
Ho Utloisisa Litšobotsi tsa Metsi a Litšila a Merafo
Metsi a litšila a merafong hangata a na le maemo a holimo a lintho tse tiileng tse emisitsoeng, litšepe tse boima, likaroloana tse tšesaane le masala a lik'hemik'hale. Ho utloisisa litšobotsi tsa metsi a litšila a merafong ho bohlokoa pele u khetha PAM. Mesebetsi e fapaneng ea merafo e hlahisa mefuta e fapaneng ea metsi a litšila:
Mehloli e Tloaelehileng ea Metsi a Litšila a Merafo
- ▶ Ho merafo le ho hlatsoa mashala
- ▶ Merafo ea tšepe (khauta, koporo, tšepe, zinki)
- ▶ Merafo ea mobu e sa tloaelehang
- ▶ Ho cheka le ho sebetsana le ho bokellana ha diminerale
- ▶ Ho ntsha thepa ka ho roka
Litšila tse Tloaelehileng Metsing a Litšila a Merafong
- ▶ Lintho tse tiileng tse leketlileng hantle (letsopa, silika, silika)
- ▶ Li-ion tsa tšepe e boima (tšepe, koporo, loto, zinki, manganese)
- ▶ Ho fifala ho hoholo
- ▶ Maemo a pH a asiti kapa a alkaline
- ▶ Li-colloid tsa tlhaho le tse sa tloaelehang
Liphephetso tsa Tlhokomelo ea Metsi a Litšila Merafong
- ▶ Boholo ba dikarolwana tse nyane haholo (ho thata ho di tsitsa ka tlhaho)
- ▶ Ho tsitsa ho matla ha tjhaja ya bokaholimo ba colloids
- ▶ Bophahamo bo phahameng ba seretse
- ▶ Liphetoho tsa boleng ba metsi ho pholletsa le mekhahlelo ea merafo
Ka lebaka la mabaka ana, katleho ea flocculation e ba ea bohlokoa bakeng sa katleho ea kalafo, 'me polyacrylamide (PAM) e sebelisoa haholo e le k'hemik'hale ea mantlha.
Karolo ea Polyacrylamide Phekolong ea Metsi a Litšila a Merafong
Polyacrylamide (PAM) ke polymer e qhibilihang ka metsing e sebelisoang e le flocculant. E kopanya likaroloana tse leketlileng ho ba floc tse kholoanyane, ka hona e potlakisa ho senngoa ha mobu kapa ho sefshoa.
- ✓ Karohano e matlafalitsoeng ea metsi a tiileng
- ✓ Lebelo le eketsehileng la ho lula
- ✓ Ho fokotseha ha mongobo
- ✓ Ho ntšoa ha metsi ka thuso ea seretse se chesang
- ✓ E fokotsa tlhoko ea oksijene ea lik'hemik'hale (COD) maemong a mang
Mefuta ea Polyacrylamide
Hangata PAM e arotsoe ka mekhahlelo e meraro:
Ho latela litšobotsi tse itseng tsa metsi a litšila, katleho ea kalafo ea mofuta o mong le o mong ea fapana.
Lintlha tsa Bohlokoa bakeng sa ho Khetha PAM Metsing a Litšila a Merafong
Ho khetha PAM ha se qeto e etsoang hanngoe feela. Lintlha tse latelang li lokela ho hlahlojoa ka hloko.
Mofuta oa PAM (Khetho ea Tefiso)
Anionic Polyacrylamide (PAM) e sebediswa haholo ho tjhefeng metsi a ditshila hobane boholo ba dikarolwana tsa diminerale di na le tjhaja e ntle—kapa tjhaja e sa nke lehlakore ya bokahodimo—tlasa maemo a asiti, ka hona di nolofalletsa ho monya metsi ka katleho.
E Loketseng Haholo:
- Metsi a litšila a hlatsoang mashala
- Ho nonoa ha tšepe ea tšepe
- Kalafo ea ho roala moriri
- Metsi a nang le mongobo o mongata
Melemo:
- Phello e matla ea ho koala
- Ho thehoa ha floc ka potlako
- E bolokang tjhelete
Polyacrylamide ea cationic ha e sebelisoe hangata metsing a litšila a merafong a sa phekoloang, empa e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa kalafong ea seretse.
E Loketseng Haholo:
- Ho tlosoa ha metsi a seretse mesebetsing ea merafo
- Metsi a litšila a nang le likaroloana tsa tlhaho tse tjhajisitsoeng hampe
Melemo:
- Ho se nke lehlakore ha tjhaja ka matla
- E sebetsa hantle bakeng sa kalafo ea seretse
Polyacrylamide e seng ea ionic e sebelisoa maemong a khethehileng moo likamano tsa electrostatic li fokolang haholo.
E Loketseng Haholo:
- Metsi a litšila a nang le lerōle le tlase
- Mekhoa e nang le letsoai le lengata
- Libaka tsa pH tse sa nke lehlakore
Khetho ea Boima ba Limolek'hule
Boima ba limolek'hule bo khetholla bolelele ba ketane ea polyacrylamide (PAM) 'me bo ama ka kotloloho boholo ba flocs.
Boima bo Tlase ba Limolek'hule
- E qhibiliha ka potlako
- Bokhoni bo fokolang ba ho etsa floc
- Ha e sebelisoe hangata bakeng sa ho tjheka metsi a litšila
- Tshebetso e leka-lekaneng
- E loketse metsi a nang le mongobo o itekanetseng
Boima bo Phahameng ba Limolek'hule
- Phello e matla ea ho koala
- E etsa li-floc tse kholo, tse lulang ka potlako
- E loketse ho phekoloa ha metsi a litšila merafong
Keletso:
Bakeng sa ho tjheka metsi a ditshila—ka lebaka la boteng ba dikarolwana tse tshesane, tse tsitsitseng—polyacrylamide (PAM) e nang le boima bo phahameng ba dimolek'hule hangata ke kgetho e kgethwang.
Botebo ba Tefiso
Botenya ba tjhaja bo bolela bongata ba tjhaja ya ionic e teng ketaneng ya polymer.
Botebo ba Tefiso e Tlase
- E loketse metsi a silafetseng hanyane
- Bokhoni bo fokolang ba ho phaphamala ha metsi
Boima ba Tefiso e Mahareng
- Tshebetso e leka-lekaneng
- E loketse maemo a metsi a litšila a tsoakiloeng
Botebo ba Tefiso e Phahameng
- Kamano e matla ea adsorption bakeng sa likaroloana
- E loketse hantle bakeng sa ho phekola metsi a litšila a merafong a nang le mahloriso a mangata
Litlhahiso tsa Tlhokomelo ea Metsi a Litšila a Merafong:
Pherekano e Phahameng → Botenya ba Tefiso e Phahameng Anionic Polyacrylamide
Mekhoa e Tsoakiloeng → PAM ea Boima ba Tefiso e Mahareng
Maemo a pH a Metsi
pH e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa katlehong ea flocculation.
- Metsi a litšila a asiti (pH < 6):CPAMor NPAM e sebetsa hantle.
- Metsi a litšila a sa nke lehlakore (pH 6–8): Polyacrylamide ea anionic le e seng ea ionic ka bobeli li ka sebelisoa.
- Metsi a litšila a alkaline (pH > 8): Ho hlokahala khetho e hlokolosi; PAM ea anionic hangata e khethoa, 'me ho hlokahala liphetoho tsa tekanyo.
Ka lebaka la ho sebetsa ha oli, metsi a litšila a merafong hangata a na le asiti, e leng se etsang hore anionic polyacrylamide e be khetho e tloaelehileng haholo.
Kabo ea Boholo ba Likaroloana tsa Likaroloana tse Leketlileng Metsing a Litšila
Boholo ba dikarolwana tse nyane bo etsa hore ho be thata ho di rarolla.
- Dikaroloana tse mahoashe: Polyacrylamide e nang le boima bo tlase ba limolek'hule e ka lekana.
- Li-colloid tse ntle: Li hloka polyacrylamide e boima bo phahameng ba limolek'hule.
- Li-tailings tse ntle haholo: Li hloka tekanyo e phahameng ea tjhaja + sistimi e ntlafalitsoeng ea dosing.
Litšobotsi tsa Seretse Metsing a Litšila a Morafo
Haeba PAM e sebediswa bakeng sa ho tlosa metsi a seretse:
- Sekhahla se phahameng sa manyolo: Cationic polyacrylamide e khethoa
- Seretse sa diminerale tse sa pheleng: Anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) e ratoa haholo
- Seretse se tsoakiloeng: Ho hlokahala liteko tsa laboratori
Ntlafatso ea Tekanyo ea PAM
Esita le PAM e ntle ka ho fetisisa e tla hloleha haeba tekanyo e fosahetseng.
Tekanyo e sa lekaneng:
- Sebopeho se sebe sa floc
- Seretse se matla sa metsi a litšila
Tekanyo e feteletseng
- Ho tsosolosa likaroloana
- Litšenyehelo tse eketsehileng
- Seretse se khomarelang
Mokhoa o motle ka ho fetisisa:
Kamehla etsa teko ea nkho pele u e sebelisa ka tekanyo e felletseng.
Tataiso ea Kopo ea PAM ho Phekolo ea Metsi a Litšila a Morafo
Tšebeliso e nepahetseng e bohlokoa joalo ka khetho ea sehlahisoa.
Qeto ea ho Qhala
- Sebelisa metsi a hloekileng (qoba ho sebelisa metsi a thata haholo)
- Ho tsepamisa maikutlo: 0.1%–0.5%
- Hlohlelletsa butle metsotso e 30-60
- Qoba ho hlohlelletsa ka lebelo le phahameng (ho thibela ho robeha ha ketane ea polymer)
Khetho ea Lintlha tsa Ente
- Kenya polyacrylamide (PAM) ka mora di-coagulant (mohlala, polyaluminum chloride kapa matswai a ferric).
- Etsa bonnete ba hore o hlohlelletsa hantle pele o jala.
Maemo a ho Kopanya
- Mokhahlelo oa ho Kopanya ka Potlako: Netefatsa kabo e ts'oanang
- Mokhahlelo oa Flocculation: Ho hlokahala maemo a tlase a ho kuta bakeng sa kholo ea Floc
Motsoako oa PAC + PAM o Hlokahala Neng ho Phekoleng Metsi a Litšila a Merafong?
Ntlafatso ea Tekanyo ea PAM
Likaroloana:
- Ho tetebela ho phahameng ha lintho tse tiileng tse emisitsoeng
- Likaroloana tse ngata le tse ntle
- 'Mala o teteaneng
Mehlala:
- Metsi a litšila a merafo
- Metsi a litšila a mesaletsa
- Metsi a litšila a kopantsoeng ka lehlabathe le lehlohlojane
Mokhoa oa Kalafo:
- PAC e qala ka ho hatella lera le habeli la motlakase, e sitisa botsitso.
- Ebe PAM e etsa bridging flocculation.
- Ena ke boemo bo tloaelehileng ka ho fetisisa ba ts'ebeliso e kopaneng.
Palo e Phahameng ea Likaroloana tsa Colloidal
Litšobotsi:
- Boholo ba dikarolwana bo nyane haholo (<1 μm)
- E na le tjhaja e tsitsitseng e fosahetseng
- Ho thata ho ikamahanya le maemo ka tlhaho
Mehlala:
- Metsi a litšila a tsoang merafong ea letsopa
- Metsi a litšila a tsoang ho hlatsuoa ka mokhoa o tiileng
Hobaneng PAC e hlokahala:
- Litšenyehelo tse eketsehileng
- Ho se nke lehlakore ka PAC hoa hlokahala pele
Boleng ba Metsi bo Feto-fetohang Haholo
Litšobotsi:
- Phapang e kholo ea pH le turbidity
- Dikahare tse sa tsitsang tsa di-solid
Mehlala:
- Ho ntsha metsi a tsoakiloeng ho tsoa lipositing tse fapaneng tsa liminerale
- Metsi a litšila a tlhahiso ea nakoana
Mabaka a tšebeliso e kopaneng:
- PAC e fana ka "botsitso ba motheo"
- PAM e lokisa sebopeho sa floc
Tlhokahalo ea ho Lula ka Potlako
Mehlala:
- Setenya sa mohatla
- Sehlakisi se phahameng sa lebelo
Melemo ea Tšebeliso e Kopantsoeng:
- PAC e etsa di-micro-floc
- PAM e etsa macro-flocs
- Lebelo la ho rarolla mathata le ntlafalitsoe haholo
Tlhokahalo ea Tšebeliso e Ncha ea Metsi a Tlase
Litlhoko:
- Tlase ho ferekane
- Lintho tse tiileng tse leketlileng ka tlase (SS)
Mehlala:
- Mekhoa ea metsi a sebelisitsoeng hape indastering
- Mekhoa ea metsi a potolohang a ho hlatsoa liminerale
Melemo e kopaneng:
- PAC e tlosa dikarolwana tse nyane
- PAM e ntlafatsa bokgoni ba ho sefa
E na le Sistimi ea Liminerale tse Tsoakiloeng
Litšobotsi:
- Tefiso e rarahaneng ea bokaholimo; Ho hasana ho matla
Mehlala:
- Metsi a litšila a kopantsoeng a koporo le tšepe; Mesaletsa ea polymetallic
Litharollo:
- PAC (Tikoloho ea Tefiso e nang le Polymerized); PAM (Polymerized Aggregator) ho fihlela kopano ea sebopeho
Qetello
Ho kgetha mofuta o nepahetseng wa PAM bakeng sa kalafo ya metsi a ditshila a merafong ke qeto ya botekgeniki e amang ka kotloloho bokgoni ba kalafo, ditjeo tsa tshebetso, le ho latela melao ya tikoloho. Bakeng sa ditshebediso tse ngata tsa metsi a ditshila a merafong, polyacrylamide e nang le boima bo hodimo ba dimolek'hule e ntse e le kgetho e sebediswang haholo le e sebetsang, empa kgetho e ntle ka ho fetisisa e lokela ho dula e itshetlehile ka diteko tsa laboratori le netefatso ya tshimo.
Haeba o sebetsana le ho ruruha butle ha mobu, ho ba le seretse se chesang, kapa maemo a metsi a litšila a merafong a feto-fetohang haholo, mme o batla mofani wa thepa ya PAM ya tshepahalang ya boleng bo tsitsitseng le tshehetso ya botekgeniki, Yuncang e eme e le kgetho ya hao e ntle ka ho fetisisa.
Re fana ka ho fetang lik'hemik'hale feela; re fana ka litharollo tsa ho phaphamala tse ikhethileng ho latela maemo a hau a boleng ba metsi. Hore na o hloka ho phekola masala a manyane haholo, metsi a litšila a nang le seretse se ngata, kapa litsamaiso tse nang le liphetoho tse kholo tsa pH, sehlopha sa rona sa botekgeniki se ka khothaletsa mehlala e metle ea lihlahisoa tsa PAC le PAM, litekanyetso le maano a ho lekanya ho netefatsa ho qhalana ha seretse ka potlako, metsi a hloekileng, le lits'ebetso tse nolofalitsoeng tsa ho lahla seretse ka mor'a moo.
Ka phepelo e tsitsitseng le kutloisiso ea lihlahisoa tsa litsebi, re ikemiselitse ho u thusa ho fihlela liphetho tse tsitsitseng le tse tšepahalang tsa kalafo ea metsi a litšila, re netefatsa hore sehlopha se seng le se seng se fihlela maemo a lebelletsoeng.
Ikopanye le rona kajeno ho fumana disampole tsa PAM bakeng sa litlhoko tsa hau tsa kalafo ea metsi a litšila a merafong, likeletso tsa mahala tsa tlhahlobo ea beaker, le litharollo tse ikhethileng.
Nako ea poso: Mots'eanong-06-2026
